AKAO 2017 Annual Report

114 derived from the Monte-Carlo simulation model, as applicable, but is accelerated if the market condition is achieved earlier than estimated. For non-employee stock-based awards, the measurement date on which the estimated fair value of the stock- based award is calculated is equal to the earlier of (i) the date at which a commitment for performance by the counterparty to earn the equity instrument is reached or (ii) the date at which the counterparty’s performance is complete. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense for the estimated fair value of the vested portion of non-employee awards. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue when: (i) evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) fees are fixed or determinable, (iii) services have been delivered, and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. The Company currently generates revenue from government contracts and a non-profit foundation grant. Government contracts provide the Company with payments for certain types of expenditures in return for research and development activities over a contractually defined period. Revenue from government contracts is recognized in the period during which the related costs are incurred and the related services are rendered, provided that the applicable conditions under the government contracts have been met. Costs of contract revenue are recorded as a component of operating expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Funds received from third parties under contract or grant arrangements are recorded as revenue if the Company is deemed to be the principal participant in the arrangements because the activities under the contracts or grants are part of the Company’s development programs. If the Company is not the principal participant, the funds from contracts or grants are recorded as a reduction to research and development expense. Contract funds received are not refundable and are recognized when the related qualified research and development costs are incurred and there is reasonable assurance that the funds will be received. Funds received in advance are recorded as deferred revenue. Management has determined that the Company is the principal participant under the Company’s government contract arrangements and non-profit grant agreement, and accordingly, the Company records amounts earned under these arrangements as revenue. Research and Development Costs Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses include certain payroll and personnel expenses, laboratory supplies, consulting costs, external contract research and development expenses, and allocated overhead, including rent, equipment depreciation, and utilities and relate to both Company-sponsored programs as well as costs incurred pursuant to collaboration agreements, non-profit grants and government contracts. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are deferred and recognized as an expense as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed. For certain research and development services where the Company has not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual cost from the third-party contracted service providers, the Company is required to estimate the extent of the services that have been performed on the Company’s behalf and the associated costs incurred at each reporting period. The majority of the service providers invoice the Company monthly in arrears for services performed. The Company make estimates of the accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in the consolidated financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to the Company at that time. The Company periodically confirms the accuracy of the estimates with the service providers and makes adjustments if necessary. Examples of estimated accrued research and development expenses include services from: • contract research organizations (“CROs”) and other service providers in connection with clinical studies; • contract manufacturers in connection with the production of clinical trial materials; and • vendors in connection with preclinical development activities. The Company bases the expenses related to preclinical studies and clinical trials on estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple research institutions and CROs that conduct and manage such studies and trials on the Company’s behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to